Thermodynamic integration

Thermodynamic integration is used to calculate the difference in the Helmholtz energy function, $A$, between two states. The path must be continuous and reversible. One has a continuously variable energy function $U_{\lambda }$ such that $\lambda =0$, $U_{\lambda }=U_{0}$ and $\lambda =1$, $U_{\lambda }=U$

$\Delta A=A-A_{0}=\int _{0}^{1}d\lambda \left\langle {\frac {\partial U_{\lambda }}{\partial \lambda }}\right\rangle _{\lambda }$

where

$\left.U_{\lambda }\right.=(1-\lambda )U_{0}+\lambda U$.

Isothermal integration

Ref. 1 Eq. 5:

Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle {\frac {A(\rho _{2},T)}{Nk_{B}T}}={\frac {A(\rho _{1},T)}{Nk_{B}T}}+\int _{\rho _{1}}^{\rho _{2}}{\frac {p(\rho )}{k_{B}T\rho ^{2}}}~\mathrm {d} \rho }

Isobaric integration

Ref. 1 Eq. 6:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{G(T_2,p)}{Nk_BT_2} = \frac{G(T_1,p)}{Nk_BT_1} - \int_{T_1}^{T_2} \frac{H(T)}{Nk_BT^2} ~\mathrm{d}T }

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G} is the Gibbs energy function and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H} is the enthalpy.

Isochoric integration

Ref. 1 Eq. 7:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{A(T_2,V)}{Nk_BT_2} = \frac{A(T_1,V)}{Nk_BT_1} - \int_{T_1}^{T_2} \frac{U(T)}{Nk_BT^2} ~\mathrm{d}T }

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle U} is the internal energy.

See also

• Gibbs-Duhem integration

References

1. C. Vega, E. Sanz, J. L. F. Abascal and E. G. Noya "Determination of phase diagrams via computer simulation: methodology and applications to water, electrolytes and proteins", Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 20 153101 (2008) (section 4)